Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder PGAD is a rare condition—mostly in women—where patients perceive prolonged genital arousal without any sexual desire or stimulation. Etiopathological considerations reach from peripheral to central issues over local disturbance of the pudendal nerve to neuropathy, psychosocial, and pharmacological theories. Since well controlled clinical studies about PGAD in conjunction with a mental and somatic health status are missing, this study is a detailed clinical investigation of PGAD patients compared to healthy controls. Investigations included comparison of vegetative, gynaecological and sexual history, psychiatric features as well as a neuro- radiological, neurophysiological and gynaecological examination. Moreover, a detailed clinical characterisation of PGAD symptoms was performed. PGAD symptoms were mostly characterised as tingling or prickling and were permanently present. Relieving factors were mainly distraction, relaxation, physical exercise, masturbation and swimming. In group comparisons, PGAD presented with significant higher rates of sexual dysfunctions, spontaneous orgasms, swelling of the genitals, extraordinary lubrication as well as higher rates in depression, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder and lifetime panic disorder. Significantly more PGAD patients were diagnosed with restless legs symptoms. In contrast childhood traumatization, somatization disorder, suicidality, gynaecological as well as neurophysiological examination of the pudendal nerve were not different between the groups. MRI of the brain, pelvis and spinal cord was unsuspicious and incidental findings - including Tarlov cysts or pelvic venous congestion - were equally distributed among the groups. In summary, our study provides a careful characterization of women with PGAD highlighting a serious mental burden, most probably as a consequence of PGAD. With the current set of clinical investigations there was no evidence of a clear causal relationship to a specific clinical finding as it has been previously discussed. Future studies and additional techniques will have to further explore where and how in the peripheral or central nervous systems PGAD develops. Persistent genital arousal disorder PGAD is an apparently rare condition, where patients perceive prolonged genital arousal without any sexual desire. In PGAD, this sensation occurs despite the absence of a sexual stimulus and usually lasts for days or weeks and does not subside after one or more orgasms 1. Primarily, PGAD is observed in women, with only a few reports on children or men 23456. Leiblum 7 described five diagnostic criteria. Valid data on the prevalence of PGAD is not available yet. Estimations go from 0. PGAD patients often feel ashamed and are afraid of being diagnosed with hypersexuality 10 or are not appropriately examined at all. Sex 2 release date peripheral factors compression of the dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve, e. The pudendal nerve not only transmits the perception of stimulation from the clitoris with the branch of the dorsal clitoral nerve, which is then interpreted as a sensation of arousal, but also transmits the perceptions of the areas of the perineal and posterior labial nerves Hence, nerve compression or injury shall produce the symptoms of continuous arousal Small fibre neuropathy has also been discussed as a cause of PGAD and the frequent intolerance towards tight clothing and prolonged sitting as a trigger of PGAD may support this assumption 1820 However, respective histo- pathological findings have not yet been reported 612 Oaklander et al. Other theories suggest an overlap between PGAD, Restless Legs Syndrome RLS and Overactive Bladder Syndrome OAB 2024 and assume a dysregulation of neurovegetative afferent and efferent signals, supposing PGAD as a phenotypic variant of RLS and OAB representing the same pathologic state only in different areas 2526 Contradicting this assumption reports on sustained symptom release by administration of dopaminergic or anticholinergic drugs are missing. From a still peripheral, vascular position, pelvic varices or pelvic congestion syndrome are discussed factors associated with PGAD 20 With regard to the central nervous system, sacral meningeal cysts e. Tarlov cysts 81220 and intervertebral disc pathologies are discussed as possible causes of PGAD 8. Other discussed neurological pathologies include epileptic foci 28sexual epileptic auras 29arteriovenous malformation 30 and arteriovenous fistulas and strokes sex 2 release date On a neuropsychopharmacological level there is some evidence that antidepressants, antipsychotics and anticonvulsants can both induce symptoms of PGAD during administration or probably more often discontinuation of the drug or even alleviate symptoms 32 Theories have been proposed that improvement may be due to inhibition of sexual perception and induction of symptoms by disinhibition induced by drugs with a primarily serotonergic function 34353637 Finally, psychosocial factors may be relevant as possible causes sex 2 release date as comorbidities of PGAD ranging from stress to anxiety, panic, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder 8142025394041 and even suicidal ideations may come along with PGAD 104042 Also, PGAD as a result of sexual abuse has been considered 394445 In summary, many assumptions on possible causes and triggering factors of PGAD have been made, however, there is a lack of well controlled clinical studies sex 2 release date control studies incorporating a thorough clinical assessment of subjects with PGAD compared to age matched healthy controls. Researchers, clinicians and patients agree, that PGAD is a severely distressing and life-impairing disease, which requires intensified research based on systematic, controlled trials 8.
Secure payment. Persistent sexual arousal syndrome: A newly discovered pattern of female sexuality. The other subjects could not name an exact initiator for PGAD. The control subjects were recruited via the intranet of Hannover Medical School, social networks, and word of mouth. Patients suffering from PGAD were recruited via the sexual medicine consultation at Hannover Medical School or via social networks in particular www.
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Number of discs: 1 ; Publisher: Warner Home Video - DVD ; Region: 2 ; Running time: minutes ; Theatrical release date: Comedy Sex and the City ( film) DVDs & Blu-ray Discs. Sex and the City ( film) Release Year DVDs Full Screen. 2 Season DVDs. Sex on the Beach 2 ; Aspect Ratio, - ; Release date, 27 Mar. ; ASIN, B00OVRTX7Y ; Customer Reviews, out of 5 stars 1,Reviews ; Customers. Wild and Willing · Production company. Details · Release date · December 1, (West Germany) · Country of origin. Drama Sex and. West Germany · Language. German · Also known as.Mahoney, S. These sensations phenomenologically may fit to a small fibre sensory neuropathy of the pudendal nerve 6 , 12 , 20 , 22 , however the current neurophysiological examination did not indicate any pathological findings. Author information Authors and Affiliations Divison of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Franziska M. Data were checked for normal distribution using a Kolmogorow-Smirnow test. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Stuttgart 50 , — Region: 2. Der erste echte Aufklärungsfilm, der in Deutschland öffentlich gezeigt werden durfte, kam in die Kinos und war eine Auftragsproduktion des Bundesgesundheitsministeriums: Helga — Vom Werden des menschlichen Lebens, 77 Minuten Healy, D. Download citation. Table 2 Vegetative, gynaecological and sexual characteristics. Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder PGAD is a rare condition—mostly in women—where patients perceive prolonged genital arousal without any sexual desire or stimulation. Katholisches Institut für Medieninformationen, Katholische Filmkommission für Deutschland. Inclusion criteria for control subjects were defined as follows: female gender, age between 18 and 75 years, proficiency in German writing and language, no acute and severe mental or somatic disease requiring immediate treatment. Sforza, E. These were discussed as a result of injury or entrapment of the pudendal nerve 17 , In summary, our study provides a careful characterization of women with PGAD highlighting a serious mental burden, most probably as a consequence of PGAD. Persistent genital arousal disorder: confluent patient history of agitated depression, paroxetine cessation, and a tarlov cyst. Persistent genital arousal in women with pelvic and genital pain. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Kruger, T. Von Alexander Bob Konstantin Bob Thus, we assume that PGAD patients are psychologically healthy, except for the mental burden resulting from PGAD. Download PDF. Publisher: Warner Home Video - DVD. Case Rep. Home Films Romance Sex and the City 2. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung produzierten Aufklärungsfilm Helga — vom Werden des menschlichen Lebens, der ein junges Ehepaar von der Empfängnis bis zur Geburt ihres Kindes zeigt. In addition, all subjects received a gynaecological examination.
